The guillotine is first described in 1210, and was very common in western Europe by the 16th century (Poor Wikipedia gets confused because one group of editors wants to stick with the story that it was a product of the Enlightenment, while another group knows the paintings and surviving guillotines from the 16th century). This print in the Rijksmuseum has a nice picture of a beheading machine from 1553 https://fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/1540-1549/